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Franz Boas
Famous as the
‘the Father of Modern Anthropology’, Franz Boas was an important figure in
20thy century anthropology. He played a key role in organising the American Anthropological
Association and made contributions in the field of physical anthropology,
linguistics, archaeology, as well as cultural anthropology. He argued against
the theories that distinguished people on the basis of race and discredited the
belief that western civilisation is superior to the other societies. He was
also a prolific writer; some of his well-known books in the field of
anthropology include ‘The Mind of Primitive Man’, ’Anthropology and Modern
Life’ and ‘Kwakiutl Ethnography’. Throughout his life he spoke out against
racism and advocated the need for intellectual freedom and worked to protect
German and Austrian scientists who fled from the Nazi regime. He was
responsible for establishing folklore as a field of study in anthropology and also
made a major contribution to the field of linguistics. To him goes the credit
of establishing it as a science in America. He continues to influence many
scholars and researchers in all the fields of anthropology.
Childhood & Early Life
· Franz Uri Boas was
born in Minden, Westphalia, Germany, into a Jewish family. His parents were
well-educated, liberal and socialized among the elite members of German
society.
· From an early
age, his parents encouraged him to think independently and pursue his
interests.
· He exhibited a
keen interest in nature and natural sciences from the age of 5 and studied
natural history and the geographic distribution of planets at school.
· He attended the
University of Heidelberg for a brief period of time after which he attended the
University of Kiel, where he earned a Ph.D. in Physics and a minor in
Geography.
Career
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§ In 1883, he
went on a scientific mission to Baffin Islands, Canada, where he studied the
‘Inuit’ culture, collected ethnographic data and became interested in life of the
people on the island.
§ In 1885, he
worked with Rudolf Virchow (physical anthropologist) and Adolf Bastian
(ethnologist) at the Royal Ethnological Museum, Berlin and also taught
geography at the University of Berlin.
§ In 1887, he
went to New York City and took up the post of an assistant editor for a
‘Science’ magazine and also taught anthropology at the Clark University, in
Worcester, Massachusetts.
§ In 1888, his
first monograph ‘The Central Eskimo’, an account of the ‘domestic occupation
and amusements’ of the people in Baffin Islands, was published in the 6th
Annual Report in the Bureau of American Ethnology.
§ In 1889, he was
appointed as the head of the Department of Anthropology at Clark University,
after which he went on a series of scientific expeditions to illuminate
‘Asaistic-American relations’.
§ In 1892, he
resigned from his post at Clark University on the grounds of alleged
‘infringement on academic freedom’ and worked as the chief assistant in
anthropology to F.W. Putnam at the Chicago World’s Fair.
§ In 1896, he
worked under the guidance of F.W Putnam as an assistant curator at the American
Museum of Natural History. That year, he also gave lectures on anthropology at
Columbia University.
§ In 1897, he
argued that the ‘Kwakiutl’, a tribe of the indigenous people centred in British
Columbia, were learning about ‘matrilineal cultures’ from their neighbours in
the northern region of Columbia.
§ In 1899, he was
promoted to the post of professor of anthropology at the Columbia University
and was appointed as the head of the Ph.D. program in anthropology.
§ He organised
the ‘Jesup North Pacific Expedition’, a five year study of the native people
from the Pacific Northwest.
§ In order to
extend his theories on the ‘Kwakiutl’, he invited fourteen Kwakiutl tribals to
come and live in a mock village in order to study their culture and observe
their behaviour.
§ In 1903, he
authored the essay ‘Decorative Designs of Alaskan Needlecases: A History of
Conventional Designs, Based on Materials in a U.S. Museum’, which served as an
example of how he used empirical data and research methods to formulate his
theories on anthropological studies.
§ In 1907, he
authored an essay titled ‘Anthropology’, in which he highlighted the issues of
‘Why are the tribes and nations of the world different, and how have the
present differences developed?’
§ In 1908, he
became the editor of ‘Journal of American Folklore’ and became the most
influential figure in the establishment of folklore as a discipline of study in
the field of anthropology in America.
§ In 1911, ‘The
Mind of Primitive Man’, a collection of his lectures on culture and race, was
published. The publication was a reflection of his thoughts on ‘cultural
relativism’.
Major Work
§ His 1911
publication ‘The Mind of Primitive Man’ is one of his seminal works which is
considered an important work in cultural anthropology and cultural relativism.
This book laid the foundation for further studies on anthropology and is used
for academic purposes.
Awards & Achievements
§ In 1900, he was
elected to the National Academy of Sciences, United States.
§ In 1901, he was
appointed as the honorary Philologist of the Bureau of American Ethnology.
§ In 1910, he was
elected as the President of the International Journal of American Linguistics.
§ In 1931, he was
elected as the president of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science.
§ In 1936, he was
honoured as the ‘emeritus in residence’ at Columbia University, New York.
Personal Life & Legacy
§ In 1887, he
married Marie Krackowizer in New York. The couple had six children together.
§ He died at the
age of 84 after he suffered a major stroke at the Columbia University Faculty
Club, New York.
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